How much better — or worse — a player has been than the average rostered player. We add up their z-score in all 8 categories the standings use: PTS, REB, AST, STL, BLK, 3PM, FG%, and FT%. FG%/FT% are volume-weighted so a 2-for-2 novelty doesn't outscore a 12-for-20 night.

A z of +5 means "five standard deviations of total fantasy production above an average pick." 0 ≈ average, negative = below average.

What a player at this auction price typically delivers, based on the rest of the league. We fit a straight line through every played player's $ vs. z and read off where this player's price lands on that line.

A $30 star is expected to put up a much higher z than a $1 sleeper — Expected z is the benchmark for "fair value at that price."

Actual z minus Expected z. The headline "value" number.

+ green = beat their auction price (got more than you paid for).
− red = fell short of what their cost implied.